Chapter 14: Modernization of Life and Sea

Review Questions for Chapter 14

Mesozoic Ocean Ecosystems

Animation Courtesy of The EuroTurtle Page

Turtles

• UC Berkeley's Introduction to the Turtles and Their Kin
• Overview of Anapsid Fossil Diversity
• Comparison of Anapsid Skulls
• The Oldest Known Anapsid Reptile: Acleistorhinus (ah-kles-toe-RYE-nuss) from the Oklahoma Lower Permian (270 Mya)
• An Example of an Early Anapsid Group Related to Turtles: Pareiasauria
• Other Anapsid Group Related to Turtles: Procolophonoids (PRO-col-oh-phon-oids)
• The Oldest Known Sea Turtle (110 Mya) from Brazil (Plus a Slide Show of Extinct Marine Reptiles!)
• University of Michigan's Species Accounts for Testudines (Turtles)
• Note that Cowen's "Phylogram" of Reptiles (p. 173) Places Turtles within Diapsida (= Sauria), Whereas Formerly Authorities Place Turtles as Sister Taxon of Diapsida (= Sauria)
• Cowen's Cladogram Reflects Accumulating Evidence Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Comparisons Supporting the Monophyly of a Turtle + Archosaur Clade Exclusive of Lepidosaurs (More Links: 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7)
• Seaworld's Overview of Sea Turtles
• The EuroTurtle Introduction to Sea Turtles
• Turtle Web Links
• Charles Darwin's Description of the Galapagos Tortoises
• California Turtle and Tortoise Club Website
  
  
  
  Visit the source of this page's Featured Image at: Tree of Life Website

Crocodiles

• Crocodile Web Links
• Chris Bochu's Website on Crocodile Systematics
• Hear Crocodiles Talk
• Recently Discovered Gigantic Super Crocodile, Sarcosuchus (110 Mya)
• Dan Varner's Painting of a Middle to Late Jurassic 'Fish-like' Crocodile Geosaurus Unrelated but Convergent to Ichthyosaurs
• Lecture Notes on Crocodiles and Other Aquatic Reptiles
• Excellent Overview of Archosaurs including Crocodiles

Ichthyosaurs

• Introduction to the Ichthyosaurs
• Image of Ichthyosaur with Skin
• Some of the Best Preserved Ichthyosaurs are from the Saurian Expedition of 1905 to West Humboldt Range in Nevada
• Berlin-Ichthyosaur Fossil State Park Near Reno, Nevada (Also See July '01 Natural History Article)
• The Jurassic Ichthyosaur Stenopterygius
• Nature's Special Multimedia Introduction to Discovery of Largest Ever Ichthyosaur Fossil or Summary

Sauropterygians (Including Plesiosaurs)

• Oliver Rieppel's Home Page
• Kid's Guide to "Nothosaurs" and Plesiosaurs
• Dan Varner's Images of Late Jurassic Crytoclidus Plesiosaurs Cruising
  and a Nothosaur (Triassic) prowling the shallow sea for food
• A Small Fossil Skeleton of a Nothosaur
• A Semi-Aquatic Placodont, Placodus, (Triassic) Grubbing for Clams
• Year 1 of Digging Up a Plesiosaur in South Dakota and Year 2
• Good Overview of Plesiosaurs
• On Mosasaurs and Plesiosaurs
• "Plesiosaur Carcass" Netted in 1977 was More Likely a Basking Shark

Mosasaurs

• On Mosasaurs and Plesiosaurs
• Mosasaurs from New Mexico
• Excellent Cretaceous Marine Reptiles Page by Karen Carr and Mike Everhart
• Short Paleo-Fiction by Mike Everhart, One Day in the Life of a Mosasaur
• Mosasaur Skeletons Mounted at South Dakota School of Mines
• See How Large Various Mosasaurs Were at the Virtual Mosasaur Museum
• The Recent Book Ancient Marine Reptiles at
  

Air Breathers at Sea

• Prof. Cowen's Online Article on How Marine Reptiles Breathed

The Modernization of Land Plants

Visit the Source of this Page's Featured Images at The Smithsonian's Guide to Butterfly Gardens
and Raymond Phillips' Plant Taxonomy Website

• The Fossil Record and Diversification of Flowering Plants
• Increase in Angiosperm Diversity in the Cretaceous
• Angiosperm Origins and Diversification

Mesozoic Plants and Pollination

• Excellent Introduction to Pollination Adaptations
• Plants and Animals: Partners in Pollination

Magnolias and Moths, Cycads and Beetles

• By the Early Cretaceous There Were Representatives of Winteraceae or Here
• They are Pollinated by Moths
• Images of the Relatives of Winteraceae, the Magnolias
• Introduction to Cycads
• Another Ancient Twosome: The Cycad Zamia and its Beetle Pollinator
• Visit the Cycad Society Website or Australia's (Palm and) Cycad Society
• Another Example of Coevolution: The Incredible Fig/Fig Wasp Scenario or Here
• How Old is the Flower and the Fly?
• Butterfly and Bee Gardening
• Review of Coevolution or Here
• Lecture Notes on Plant and Animal Coevolution

Mesozoic Plants and Seed Dispersal

• Images of Seeds and Seed Dispersal
• Dispersal of Seeds by Bats

Angiosperms and Mesozoic Ecology

• Recent Discovery of Oldest Known Flowering Plant Fossil in China (145 Ma)
• Angiosperm Families
• Angiosperm Structure and Reproduction
• Comparison of Four Classification Systems for Flowering Plants
• Online Guide to Insect Pollination of Cultivated Plants
• Bee Diversity in Arizona Desert Habitats
• Overview of Bee Diversity
• Key to Pollination Syndromes
• How a Bee Sees a Flower
• Bee Dances and Locating Flowers
• Buzz Pollination
• A Huge Phylogeny of Angiosperms Based on DNA Sequences: Treezilla
• Another Related Web Page by Prof. Eernisse

Ants and Termites

Angiosperms Chemistry

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This page was created Fall, 1998, last checked on 3/24/01 and last updated on 12/13/04.
If you find broken links or if you find additional cool sites that are appropriate,
please send them and the Web address for this page to Prof. Eernisse.
This page © D.J. Eernisse, 1998-2005.