DQ8.2 Provide a reasonably complete selection of traits that are shared and derived in Eucarya (eukaryotes) relative to the rest of life.

DQ8.3 In what respect does the support provided by a cytoskeleton allow only eukaryotes to ingest other cells? What other roles does it provide besides support? (Hint: see also p. 203)

DQ8.4 Where do the following fit into eukaryotic subclades featured by the authors as the "eight kingdoms" of eukaryotes? a) giant kelp; b) coral; c) the fungus that can cover acres of land; d) corn; e) dinoflagellate (important phytoplankton responsible for red tides, bioluminescent splarkling at night when the ocean is disturbed, and zooxanthellae, symbiotic within the tissues of corals and giant clams); f) diatoms (the most abundant living phytoplankton); g) eukaryotes that have two distinct types of nuclei, a macronucleus and micronucleus; h) red algae; i) green algae; j) Giardia; k) the parasite responsible for malaria.

DQ8.5 What is the sister taxon of Metazoa (the clade of multicellular animals)?

DQ8.6 What fossils and molecular fossils provide evidence that eukaryotes were present on Earth nearly two billion years ago?

DQ8.7 Explain the multiple lines of evidence that so strongly supports a cyanobacterial endosymbiotic origin for plastids, such as the chloroplast, so that the theory is considered supported beyond doubt.

DQ8.8 How do primary and secondary endosymbiosis differ? What evidence supports the latter?

DQ8.9 As in DQ8.7, what selection of evidence strongly supports an endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria from early precursors of alpha-proteobacteria?

DQ8.10 It is controversial whether the last common ancestor of living eukaryotes already had mitochondria. Explain why with respect to Giardia, which lack mitochondrial organelles.

DQ8.11 Briefly contrast karyogenic and endokaryotic models for the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus.

DQ8.12 Briefly characterize five of the many ways that eukaryotic genomes are organized differently from microbial genomes.