Unit 3
<p>
<p>
Assigned Reading and Review Questions
<p>
<p>
Available at:  http://biology.fullerton.edu/biol261
<p>
<p>
Ch. 24: 449-470 (all); RQ-24: 1-4, 6-7, 11
<p>
<p>
<p>
Ch. 25:	477
<p>
<p>
Ch. 26: 479-496	RQ-26: 1-4, 6-7, 10-11
<p>
<p>
Ch. 27:	498-518	RQ-27: 3, 5-8, 13-15
<p>
<p>
Ch. 25:	477
<p>
<p>
Ch. 26: 479-496	RQ-26: 1-4, 6-7, 10-11
<p>
<p>
Ch. 27:	498-518	RQ-27: 3, 5-8, 13-15
<p>
<p>
Ch. 28:	527-546	RQ-28: 1-3, 8-9, 12
<p>
<p>
Ch. 29:	548-559,	RQ-29: 2-5, 7, 10, 16-17
<p>
<p>
	564-567
<p>
<p>
		
<p>
<p>
Ch. 7: 117-121; RQ-7: 15-16
<p>
<p>
Ch. 31:	596-608, 	RQ-31: 1-2, 6-8, 11, 15-16
<p>
<p>
	612-613,	620-624
<p>
<p>
Chordate Classification Hand-out
<p>
<p>
Suggested Cladogram Exercises for Chordate Classification Hand-out:
<p>
<p>
Can you take any 4 taxa that are not subgroups of each other and draw their corresponding cladogram?
<p>
<p>
Can you take any taxon and identify the following?
<p>
<p>
	parent taxon
<p>
<p>
	sister taxon
<p>
<p>
	two or more daughter taxa
<p>
<p>
If taxa are listed as nested hierarchically inside each other, do you know which order is correct?
<p>
<p>
e.g.,
<p>
<p>
a) Chordata: Vertebrata: Mammalia
<p>
<p>
b) Mammalia: Chordata: Vertebrata
<p>
<p>
c) Vertebrata: Mammalia: Chordata
<p>
<p>
Can you name at least one synapomorphy that corresponds to each node of the cladogram?
<p>
<p>
 Deuterostomia
<p>
<p>
	Echinodermata
<p>
<p>
	Hemichordata
<p>
<p>
		Enteropneusta
<p>
<p>
		Pterobranchia
<p>
<p>
	Chordata
<p>
<p>
		Urochordata (tunicates)
<p>
<p>
		Cephalochordata (lancelets)
<p>
<p>
		Craniata (craniates)
<p>
<p>
			Myxini (hagfish)
<p>
<p>
			Vertebrata
<p>
<p>
 Can you place the following features on a cladogram and give its functional significance?
<p>
<p>
dorsal hollow nerve cord
<p>
<p>
gill slits
<p>
<p>
notochord
<p>
<p>
postanal tail
<p>
<p>
endostyle
<p>
<p>
thyroxin
<p>
<p>
tunic
<p>
<p>
pharyngeal basket
<p>
<p>
squalene
<p>
<p>
gas gland
<p>
<p>
 Can you place the following animals on a cladogram of the underlined group?
<p>
<p>
deuterostomes	craniates
<p>
<p>
enteropneust	lamprey
<p>
<p>
pterobranch	gnathostome
<p>
<p>
echinoderm	hagfish
<p>
<p>
lancelet	Osteicthyes
<p>
<p>
Pikaia	Ichthyostega
<p>
<p>
ammocoete larva	
<p>
<p>
larvacean
<p>
<p>
Given four of these, can you draw the cladogram that shows their relationship, as hypothesized in the text?
<p>
<p>
What are synapomorphies for:
<p>
<p>
	Chordata? Craniata? Vertebrata?
<p>
<p>
Gnathostomes have what synapomorphy?
<p>
<p>
How did jaws evolve?
<p>
<p>
What sensory equipment do sharks have?
<p>
<p>
What specific group of vertebrates has the most species?
<p>
<p>
How do fish stay bouyant?
<p>
<p>
How do fish osmoregulate?
<p>
<p>
What is countercurrent exchange?
<p>
<p>
What is ram ventilation?
<p>
<p>
How do salamanders get oxygen?
<p>
<p>
What is paedomorphosis?
<p>
<p>
What are the two major sister taxa which together comprise Tetrapoda?
<p>
<p>
What are some specialized features of frogs?
<p>
<p>
What is an example of a plesiomorphic feature of frogs?
<p>
<p>
What are four extraembryonic layers surrounding an amniote embryo?
<p>
<p>
amniote, allantois, yolk, chorion
<p>
<p>
What do they do?
<p>
<p>
How does the function change in placental mammals?
<p>
<p>
How are amniotes adapted for life on dry land?
<p>
<p>
What is a cleidoic egg?
<p>
<p>
Which different amniote clades have temporal openings?
<p>
<p>
What are the two sister taxa comprising the diapsid clade?
<p>
<p>
What is the sister taxon of turtles?
<p>
<p>
When did amniotes first appear in the fossil record?
<p>
<p>
How about mammals? dinosaurs? birds?
<p>
<p>
What are some dinomyths?
<p>
<p>